• Tenses (tiempos verbales)
  • Present simple
  • Present progressive
  • Past simple
  • Past progressive
  • Used to / would
  • Present perfect
  • Present perfect continuous
  • Past perfect
  • Future with will
  • Future with going to
• Conditionals (condicionales)
• Other structures (otras estructuras)

Tenses (tiempos verbales)

Present simple

Habits, facts, routines.

🔹 Hábitos, verdades atemporales, rutinas.

I work in an office. She eats at 8 AM. It rains a lot in London.

Present progressive

Actions happening right now. Confirmed future plans.

🔹 Acciones que ocurren ahora mismo. Planes futuros confirmados.

I am reading right now. She is flying to London tomorrow.

Past simple

Actions at a specific moment in the past.

🔹 Acciones en un momento concreto del pasado.

Yesterday I went to the gym. She called me last Monday.

Past progressive

Descriptions in the past. Interrupted actions. Simultaneous actions.

🔹 Descripciones en el pasado. Acciones interrumpidas. Acciones simultáneas.

It was raining. I was eating when she called. I was reading while she was cooking.

Used to / would

Past habits no longer true. Would for repeated actions only (not states).

🔹 Hábitos pasados que ya no son ciertos. Would solo para acciones repetidas (no estados).

I used to live in Madrid. She would always cook on Sundays.

Present perfect

Life experiences (no specific time). Recent actions with present results. Duration with for/since.

🔹 Experiencias de vida (sin tiempo específico). Acciones recientes con resultado presente. Duración con for/since.

I have visited Paris. She has lost her keys. I have lived here for five years.

Present perfect continuous

Duration from past to present (emphasis on the ongoing process).

🔹 Duración del pasado al presente (énfasis en el proceso continuo).

I have been studying English for two years. It has been raining all day.

Past perfect

An action before another past action.

🔹 Una acción anterior a otra acción pasada.

When I arrived, she had already left.

Future with will

Predictions, spontaneous decisions, promises.

🔹 Predicciones, decisiones espontáneas, promesas.

It will rain tomorrow. I'll help you. I'll call you later.

Future with going to

Plans already decided. Predictions with evidence.

🔹 Planes ya decididos. Predicciones con evidencia.

I'm going to visit my parents. Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.

Conditionals (condicionales)

First: If + present, will + infinitive => possible
If it rains, I'll stay home.

Second: If + past simple, would + infinitive => imaginary present
If I had more money, I would travel.

Third: If + past perfect, would have + pp => imaginary past
If I had studied, I would have passed.

Mixed: If + past perfect, would + infinitive => past cause, present result
If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.

Other structures (otras estructuras)

Passive voice: be + past participle
The book was written by Cervantes.

Relative clauses: who, which, that, whose, where
The man who lives next door is a doctor.

Gerund vs. infinitive: verb + -ing or to + verb
I enjoy reading. I want to read.

Phrasal verbs: verb + particle
Turn off the TV. Look for your keys.

Reported speech: She said she was tired. He asked if I was coming.

Wish: I wish I had more time. I wish I had studied harder.

Modal + have + pp: She must have forgotten. You should have called.

Too / enough / so / such: too cold, big enough, so tired, such a nice day.

Question tags: You're coming, aren't you?

Had better / would rather: You'd better hurry. I'd rather stay home.

Used to / be used to / get used to:
I used to smoke. I'm used to waking up early. I'm getting used to it.

Linking words: however, although, despite, therefore, moreover...